Note
  1. M. Abreu e V. Grinevich, The Nature of Academic Entrepreneurship in the U.K.: Widening the Focus on Entrepreneurial Activities, in «Research Policy», 42, 2, 2013, pp. 408-422; D.B. Audretsch, E.E. Lehmann, M. Menter e K. Wirsching, Intrapreneurship and Absorptive Capacities: The Dynamic Effect of Labor Mobility, in «Technovation», 99, 102129, 2021.
  2. B. Youssef, A. Boubaker, B. Dedaj e M. Carabregu-Vokshi, Digitalization of the Economy and Entrepreneurship Intention, in«Technological Forecasting and Social Change», vol. 164(C), 120043, 2021.
  3. D. Bienkowska, M. Klofsten e E. Rasmussen, PhD Students in the Entrepreneurial University‐perceived Support for Academic Entrepreneurship, in «European Journal of Education», 51, 1, 2016, pp. 56-72.
  4. La ricerca nelle discipline umanistiche è in genere divulgata tramite libri e conferenze mentre la ricerca nelle scienze sociali è rivolta frequentemente al settore pubblico e al terzo settore. Pertanto, le attività esterne assumono principalmente la forma di consulenza e convenzioni in conto terzi.
  5. Abreu e Grinevich, The Nature of Academic Entrepreneurship in the UK, cit.; l’ormai vasta letteratura sull’imprenditorialità accademica studia i fattori che favoriscono la commercializzazione di un numero ristretto di attività che sono relativamente visibili e quantificabili, il cui impatto economico può essere stimato con relativa facilità diversamente da quanto accade per le attività più informali che non trovano immediata espressione in valori di mercato.
  6. All’interno della stessa posizione dal punto di vista statistico, gli effetti causali variano anche in relazione alla variazione casuale delle condizioni nel tempo; cfr. M. Rosenzweig e C. Udry, Evidence Validity in a Stochastic World, NBER Working Paper, 2016; S. Chassang, G. Padró i Miquel e E. Snowberg, Selective Trials: A Principal-Agent Approach to Randomized Controlled Experiments, in «American Economic Review», 102, 4, 2011.
  7. Diversamente dai disegni contro-fattuali che provano a misurare il cambiamento con e senza l’intervento da valutare, per comprendere gli effetti della terza missione, occorre esplorare gli specifici percorsi degli impatti, osservando l’interazione tra interventi e contesti; cfr. cap. 8.
  8. A. Milat, K. Lee e K. Conte, Intervention Scalability Assessment Tool: A Decision Support Tool for Health Policy Makers and Implementers, in «Health Research Policy Systems», 18, 1, 2020.
  9. Ibidem.
  10. Cfr. Challenges and Implications of Scale, Yale-Research on Innovation & Scale (Y-RISE), https://yrise.yale.edu/.
  11. A. Banerjee, R. Banerji, J. Berry, E. Duflo, H. Kannan, S. Mukerji, M. Shotland e M. Walton, From Proof of Concept to Scalable Policies: Challenges and Solutions, with an Application, in «Journal of Economic Perspectives», 31, 4, 2017, pp. 73-102, http://economics.mit.edu/files/12359.
  12. P. Milgrom e J. Roberts, The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy, and Organization, in «American Economic Review», 80, 1990, pp. 511-528.
  13. Dati Coinor, Università di Napoli, 2021 e informazioni basate su interviste semi-strutturate.
  14. Istituto Giuseppe Toniolo, Rapporto Giovani, Bologna, Il Mulino, anni vari.
  15. I benefici sono stati calcolati per una durata di due anni per coorte solo per una metà dei discenti (non iscritti ad altri corsi e non occupati) che seguono l’academy il primo anno e trovano un lavoro nel secondo.
  16. Cebr, The Economic Impact of Basic Digital Skills and Inclusion in the UK, London, Tinder Foundation and GO ON UK, 2015. Cfr. anche J. Nicholls et al., A Guide to Social Return on Investment, London, Office of the Third Sector, Cabinet Office, 2009.
  17. Dati Coinor, Università di Napoli, 2021.
  18. E. Moretti, The New Geography of Jobs, Mariner Books, 2013; M. Goos, J. Konings e M. Vanderweyer, Local High-tech Job Multipliers in Europe, in «Industrial and Corporate Change», 27, 4, 2018, pp. 639-655; N. Lee e S. Clarke, Do Low-skilled Workers Gain from High-tech Employment Growth? High-technology Multipliers, Employment and Wages in Britain, in «Research Policy», 48, 9, 103803, 2019.
  19. Goos, Konings e Vanderweyer, Local High-tech Job Multipliers in Europe, cit.
  20. M.C. Morandini, A. Thum-Thysen e A. Vandeplas, Facing the Digital Transformation: Are Digital Skills Enough?, Economic Brief 054, Brussels, European Commission, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/economy-finance/eb054_en.pdf.
  21. N. Heuer, The Effect of Occupation-Specific Brain Drain on Human Capital, University of Tübingen Working Papers in Economics and Finance n. 7, University of Tübingen, 2011.
  22. Audretsch, Lehmann, Menter e Wirschin, Intrapreneurship and Absorptive Capacities, cit.
  23. B. Van Ark, The Productivity Challenge: Jobs and Incomes in the Dawning Era of Intelligent Robots, Intervention at the Annual Research Conference 2018, European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/economyfinance/van_ark.pdf. Cfr. anche Morandini, Thum-Thysen e Vandeplas, Facing the Digital Transformation, cit.
  24. E.E. Lehmann, M. Menter e K. Wirsching, Firm Performance and Regional Innovation Mechanisms: The Moderating Role of Absorptive Capacities, in «Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research», 37, 11, 2017, pp. 243-248.
  25. P. Braunerhjelm, D. Ding e P. Thulin, The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Intrapreneurship, in «Small Business Economics», 51, 4, 2018, pp. 1-30.
  26. Ibidem; Audretsch, Lehmann, Menter e Wirschin, Intrapreneurship and Absorptive Capacities, cit.
  27. Cfr. anche OECD, Evaluation of the Academy for Smart Specialization. The Geography of Higher Education, Paris, 2020, https://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/Evaluation_Academy_Smart_Specialisation.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0n5qfZhw_btf5ExQ4mN8XNPWhoLztDTIUHHv_pCaHDunSWuJ6M853lgFk; A. Rodríguez-Pose, The Revenge of the Places That Don’t Matter (and What to Do about It),in «Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society», 11, 2018, pp. 189-209; S. Iammarino, A. Rodriguez-Pose e M. Storper, Regional Inequality in Europe: Evidence, Theory and Policy Implications, in «Journal of Economic Geography», 19, 2019, pp. 273-298; S. Iammarino, A. Rodriguez-Pose e M. Storper, Regional Inequality in Europe: Evidence, Theory and Policy Implications, in «Journal of Economic Geography», 19, 2019, pp. 273-298.
  28. Ibidem; B. Clarysse, M. Wright, J. Bruneel e A. Mahajan, Creating Value in Ecosystems: Crossing the Chasm between Knowledge and Business Ecosystems, in «Research Policy», 43, 2014, pp. 1164-1176; C.W. Wessner e T.R. Howell, Regional Renaissance. How New York’s Capital Region Became a Nanotechnology Powerhouse, Springer, 2020.
  29. E. Uyarra, Conceptualizing the Regional Roles of Universities, Implications and Contradictions, in «European Planning Studies», 18, 8, 2010, pp. 1227-1246; P. Benneworth e L. Nieth, Universities and Regional Development in Peripheral Regions, Abingdon, Routledge, 2018.