Note
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  2. A. Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, London, W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1776, pp. 265-266, ora in R.H. Campbell, A.S. Skinner e W.B. Todd (a cura di), The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, vol. II, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1976.
  3. J.S. Mill, Principles of Political Economy, with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy,London, Longmans, 1848 (rist. 1926).
  4. T.W. Schultz, Investment in Human Capital, in «Economic Review», 51, 1, 1961, pp. 1-17.
  5. Ibidem, p. 2.
  6. G.S. Becker, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, New York, Columbia University Press/NBER, 1964.
  7. G. Folloni e G. Vittadini, Human Capital Measurement: A Survey, in «Journal of Economic Surveys», 24, 2, 2010, pp. 248-279.
  8. E. Engel, Der Werth des Menschen, Berlin, Verlag von Leonhard Simion, 1883.
  9. J.W. Kendrick, The Formation and Stocks of Total Capital, New York, Columbia University Press/NBER, 1976.
  10. D.W. Jorgenson e B.M. Fraumeni, The Accumulation of Human and Nonhuman Capital, in R.E. Lipsey e H. Stone Tice (a cura di), The Measurement of Saving, Investment, and Wealth, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1989, pp. 227-282.
  11. C. Dagum e D.J. Slottje, A New Method to Estimate the Level and Distribution of the Household Human Capital with Application, in «Structural Change and Economic Dynamics», 11, 2000, pp. 67-94.
  12. W. Farr, Equitable Taxation of Property, in «Journal of the Statistical Society of London», 16, 1, 1853, pp. 1-45.
  13. D.W. Jorgenson e B.M. Fraumeni, The Accumulation of Human and Nonhuman Capital, cit.
  14. C. Dagum e D.J. Slottje, A New Method to Estimate the Level and Distribution of the Household Human Capital with Application, cit.
  15. OECD, Human Capital Investment. An International Comparison, Paris, Centre for International Research and Innovation, 1998.
  16. J. Mincer, Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution, in «Journal of Political Economy», 66, 4, 1958, pp. 281-302; W. Schultz, Investment in Human Capital, cit.; G.S. Becker, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, cit.
  17. OECD, Human Capital Investment. An International Comparison, cit.; J.J. Heckman, J.E. Humphries e T. Kautz, The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2014; L. Wössmann, Specifying Human Capital,in «Journal of Economic Surveys», 17, 3, 2003, pp. 239-270.
  18. OECD, Human Capital Investment. An International Comparison, cit.
  19. E.A. Hanushek, Measuring Investment in Education, in «Journal of Economic Perspectives», 10, 4, 1996, pp. 9-30; OECD, Human Capital Investment. An International Comparison, cit.; L. Wössmann, Specifying Human Capital, cit.
  20. S. Becker, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, cit.
  21. L. Wössmann, Specifying Human Capital, cit.
  22. W. Schultz, Investment in Human Capital, cit.
  23. World Bank, Workers in an Integrating World. World Development Report,Washington, 1995, http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/365821468168543533/pdf/148660REPLACEMENT0WDR01995.pdf.
  24. Ibidem; L. Wössmann, Specifying Human Capital, cit., 2003; E.A. Hanushek e L. Wössmann The Role of Education Quality in Economic Growth, Policy Research Working Paper 4122, Washington, World Bank, Human Development Network, Education Team, 2007.
  25. OECD, Human Capital Investment. An International Comparison, cit.
  26. International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), https://www.iea.nl/
  27. OECD, PISA 2018 Assessment and Analytical Framework, Paris, OECD Publishing, 2019.
  28. INVALSI, www.invalsi.it.
  29. Fondazione Agnelli, www.fga.it; www.eduscopio.it.
  30. J.J. Heckman e T.D. Kautz, Hard Evidence on Soft Skills, in «Labour Economics», 19, 4, 2012, pp. 451-464; J.J. Heckman, J.E. Humphries e T. Kautz, The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life, cit.
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  32. OECD/CERI, Improving Health and Social Cohesion through Education,Paris, OECD, 2010, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/improving-health-and-social-cohesion-through-education_9789264086319-en#page1.
  33. J.J. Heckman, J.E. Humphries e T. Kautz, The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life, cit.
  34. J.J. Heckman e T.D. Kautz, Hard Evidence on Soft Skills, cit.; J.J. Heckman, J.E. Humphries e T. Kautz, The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life, cit.
  35. Vedi F. Pisanu, F. Fraccaroli, M. Gentile e F. Recchia, Competenze non cognitive come risorse psicosociali per il successo formativo, pp. 67-88 del presente volume.
  36. H. Holmlund e O. Silva, Targeting Non-Cognitive Skills to Improve Cognitive Outcomes: Evidence from a Remedial Education Intervention, in «Journal of Human Capital», 8, 2, 2014, pp. 126-160.
  37. T. Kautz, J.J. Heckman, R. Diris, B. Ter Weel e L. Borghans, Fostering and Measuring Skill: Improving Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skill to Promote Lifetime Success, NBER Working Paper n. 20749, Chicago, 2014.
  38. R.M. Pirsig, Lo Zen e l’arte della manutenzione della motocicletta,Milano, Adelphi, 1981.
  39. B. Bernstein, Pedagogy, Symbolic Control, and Identity, London, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, pp. 7 ss.
  40. J.J. Heckman, J.E. Humphries e T. Kautz, The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life, cit.
  41. A.K. Sen, Development as Freedom, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1999.
  42. M.C. Nussbaum, Creating Capabilities. The Human Development Approach, Harvard, Harvard University Press, 2011.
  43. Z. Bauman, La società individualizzata,Bologna, Il Mulino, 2002.
  44. A.M. Maccarini, On Character Education: Self-Formation and Forms of Life in a Morphogenic Society, in «Italian Journal of Sociology of Education», VIII, 1, 2016, pp. 31-55.
  45. F. Cunha e J. Heckman, The Technology of Skill Formation, in «American Economic Review», 97, 2, 2007, pp. 31-47.
  46. J.J. Heckman, J.E. Humphries e T. Kautz, The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life, cit.; OECD, PISA 2018 Assessment and Analytical Framework, cit.
  47. OECD, Skills for Social Progress: The Power of Social and Emotional Skills, OECD Skills Studies, Paris, OECD Publishing, 2015.
  48. M. Kankaraš, Personality Matters: Relevance and Assessment of Personality Characteristics, OECD Education Working Papers 157, Paris, OECD Publishing, 2017.
  49. Si può qui notare un cambiamento di prospettiva rispetto ai tradizionali studi sociologici che associano la riuscita scolastica al successo lavorativo, in quanto si asserisce una relazione diretta fra i singoli fattori che condizionano la riuscita e il reddito, su cui i Big Five hanno un importante ruolo predittivo, ma non sono condizionanti.
  50. J.J. Heckman, J.E. Humphries e T. Kautz, The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life, cit.
  51. M. Kankaraš, Personality Matters: Relevance and Assessment of Personality Characteristics, cit.
  52. M. Kankaraš, Personality Matters: Relevance and Assessment of Personality Characteristics, cit.
  53. Possiamo segnalare che questo elemento potrebbe spiegare almeno in parte la migliore riuscita scolastica delle ragazze, in quanto viene considerata una qualità più «femminile» che «maschile».
  54. Si veda anche T. Kautz, J.J. Heckman, R. Diris, B. Ter Weel e L. Borghans, Fostering and Measuring Skill: Improving Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skill to Promote Lifetime Success, cit.
  55. J.J. Heckman, J.E. Humphries e T. Kautz, The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life, cit.; T. Kautz, J.J. Heckman, R. Diris, B. Ter Weel e L. Borghans, Fostering and Measuring Skill: Improving Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skill to Promote Lifetime Success, cit.
  56. J.J. Heckman, J.E. Humphries e T. Kautz, The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life, cit.
  57. A. Alaminos e C. Penalva, Economía Colaborativa: Definiciones y Escenarios, Alicante, OBETS - Instituto Interuniversitario de Desarrollo Social y Paz, Universidad de Alicante, 2018.
  58. Si veda ad esempio A. Sundararajan, The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise of Crowd-based Capitalism, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2016.