Populism, Populists, and the Crisis of Political Parties
A Comparison of Italy, Austria, and Germany 1990-2015
Pubb. online: 2018
Isbn ed.dig.: 978-88-15-34175-4
DOI: 10.978.8815/341754
Isbn ed.dig.: 978-88-15-34175-4
DOI: 10.978.8815/341754
Indice
- Preface
- Introduction
- I. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES AND TRANSFORMATION PROCESS
- Different Paths toward Europe? Germany, Italy, and Austria 1945-2009
- 1. Preliminary remarks
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2. Phases of development
- a. Europe against the background of the principle of the nation-state: Italy and Prussia as adversaries of the Hapsburg Monarchy (1859-1871)
- b. Far from a unified central Europe: Divergence in the fragile Triple Alliance (1882-1915) and adversaries in the World War I (1915-1918)
- c. The continued disintegration of Europe: Common revisionism in Germany, Italy, and Austria (1919/20-1931/32)
- d. The weakening of the center of Europe through internal crisis regimes: Italy as the first Fascist dictatorship—Austria and Germany follow later (1922-1933/34)
- e. Active in the self-destruction of Europe: Together into World War II (1935-1943)
- f. Italy’s change of alliances, the path of the German Reich, and the “Ostmark” in decline (1943-1945)
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3. Developments after 1945/1949
- a. Together in the camp of the unsuccessful and the losers: Italy’s farewell to the monarchy and its peace treaty—occupation, division, and the founding of two states in Germany and the reestablishment of Austria (1945-1948/49)
- b. Setting the course for western integration: The Federal Republic of Germany and Italy as the pioneers of Western Europe and Austria’s position of the center (1949-1969)
- c. The 1970s: A policy of détente abroad and terrorism at home
- d. Continued unification of Western Europe as a common goal: Italy and Germany as drivers and Austria as an outsider and silent partner of integration (the 1980s)
- e. Cooperation and juxtaposition: German unification, political skepticism, and public agreement in Austria and Italy. Maastricht as a solution (1989-1993)
- f. Domestic challenges, problems, and crises: Obstructed and inhibited action for Europe in the second half of the 1990s
- 4. Conclusion
- Right-wing Populism in Europe
- I. Introduction
- II. Populism as a protest movement
- III. Common properties of right-wing populism
- IV. The second generation of right-wing populists
- V. Right-wing populism as exclusionary anti-establishment protest
- VI. Types of right-wing populism
- VII. The national-liberal type
- VIII. Reasons for the emergence of right-wing populism
- IX. Concluding Remarks
- Populism: Definitions, Questions, Problems, and Theories
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Defining populism: Mobilization, leadership and style, or ideology?
- 3. The core structure of populist ideology
- 4. Varieties of populism: Radical right, neoliberal, and radical left
- 5. Populism and democracy: Symptom, corrective, or threat?
- 6. Reactions to populism: The dilemma of “tolerance for the intolerant”
- Populism vs Constitutionalism. The Theoretical Core of Populist Ideology and the Foundations of the Democratic System
- 1. Preliminary definitions. The conceptual spectrum of populism
- 2. Populism vs constitutionalism
- 3. The idea of a people
- 4. Popular sovereignty
- 5. The system of political representation
- 6. Conclusions
- Populism in the Mainstream Media. Germany, Austria, and Italy in Comparison
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Austria
- 3. The Federal Republic of Germany
- 4. Italy
- 5. Digression: The role of the new media
- 6. Populism as a variable of the media system
- II. POLITICAL ACTORS SHAPING THE POPULIST CHALLENGE
- Jörg Haider and His Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Jörg Haider: The early years
- 3. Electoral success
- 4. Who is number one, who is number two?
- 5. Haider and the BZÖ
- 6. Right-wing extremism
- 7. The end—What is left of the politician Jörg Haider
- 8. The FPÖ after Haider
- The Northern League: Bossi, Salvini, and the Many Faces of Populism
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The LN’s populist ideology
- 3. Three challenges for the LN
- 4. The LN and the political discourse about the EU
- 5. Conclusion
- Berlusconi as a Circumstantial Populist
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The transformation of the political
- 3. Tangentopoli
- 4. Berlusconi’s Populism
- Gianfranco Fini. From Neofascist “Dauphin” to anti-Fascist “Traitor”
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The newcomer
- 3. Berlusconi’s ally
- 4. Fini’s anti-populist turn
- “Alternative für Deutschland”. The Belated Arrival of Right-wing Populism in the Federal Republic
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Ideological placement and political objectives
- 3. Internal development and party split
- 4. Reaching new electoral heights due to the refugee crisis
- 5. Conclusion: On the path toward a six-party system?
- Angela Merkel and Romano Prodi: Antithesis of Populism?
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The case of Angela Merkel
- 3. The case of Romano Prodi
- 4. Merkel and Prodi: A comparison
- III. EUROPEAN POLITICAL PARTIES, THEIR RESPONSE TO THE POPULIST CHALLENGE, AND THEIR TREATMENT OF POPULISM
- Between Collaboration and Demarcation. The European People’s Party and the Populist Wave
- I. Introduction
- II. Liberal democracy, Europe, the EPP, and the “populist threat”
- III. Mapping out a diverse set of strategies
- IV. Conclusion
- Social Democracy and the Challenge of Populism
- The Greens and Populism: A Contradiction in Terms?
- 1. The specter
- 2. The phenomenon of populism
- 3. New social and communicative configurations
- 4. The Greens: Opponents of populism?
- 5. The concurrent rise of the Greens and populist movements from 1980 onwards
- 6. Between coordination and fragmentation
- 7. The early beginnings of left-wing populism
- 8. Professionalized and ready for government, but Eurosceptic
- 9. A transition in European politics
- 10. Opposing right-wing populism: An opportunity to remodel the Green party
- 11. Learning from confrontations
- European Liberal Parties and the Challenge of Populism
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Liberal parties and populism: Examples
- 3. Conclusion
- Populism. A Short Conclusion to the Volume
- 1. Populism
- 2. Populism—form and methods
- 3. Populisms—substance: Exclusivity
- 4. Populism—who are the “Defining Others”?
- 5. Populism—party typology: A new class party or (and?) a new catch-all party
- Index